Mammals vision science: every measurement
The vision values of all 147 mammals on this site, one row each, with the evidence level of every value and the studies behind it. Species with enough measured values also have their own science page.
Who sees best among mammals?
Sharpest detail
- 1Chimpanzee64.28 cycles per degree Measured
- 2Human63.75 cycles per degree Measured
- 3You63.75 cycles per degree Measured
- 4Mantled howler monkey59.61 cycles per degree Measured
- 5Mexican howler monkey59.61 cycles per degree Measured
- 6Green monkey55.23 cycles per degree Measured
Fastest eyes
- 1Ground squirrel114 Hz flicker fusion Measured
- 2Yellow-pine chipmunk104 Hz flicker fusion Measured
- 3Eurasian red squirrel103 Hz flicker fusion Measured
- 4Common treeshrew90 Hz flicker fusion Measured
- 5Grey wolf84 Hz flicker fusion Measured
- 6You60 Hz flicker fusion Measured
Measured values by dial
| Dial | Species with a measured value |
|---|---|
| Colour | 65 |
| Sharpness | 104 |
| Field of view | 32 |
| Sharp zones (foveas) | 82 |
| Night vision | 146 |
| Motion (flicker fusion) | 21 |
All mammals, value by value
Evidence levels: how the tiers work. Studies: sources.
| Species | Colour | Sharpness | Field of view | Sharp zones (foveas) | Night vision | Motion (flicker fusion) | Studies |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| African elephant science page Loxodonta africana | 2 receptor classes: 419 nm (VS/SWS (violet)), 552 nm (LWS (long)) Measured | 8.63 cycles per degree Measured | 80° Estimated 350° Group default | 0 Measured anakatabatic area, area centralis, horizontal streak Measured | cathemeral Measured (not re-verified) mixed Derived | 60 Hz Group default | longcore2023_photopigments_v1.1, kirk_kay2004_table2_evom1, veilleux_kirk2014_S1_evom1, heffner1992a_T1_evom1, species_v1:Timney & Keil 1992, kopania_clark2024 |
| Agouti Dasyprocta leporina | 2 receptor classes: 400 nm (VS/SWS (violet)), 530 nm (MWS (green)) Group default | 6.21 cycles per degree Measured | 52° Group default | 0 Estimated horizontal streak Estimated | diurnal Measured (not re-verified) cone-dominated Derived | 62.5 Hz Group default | longcore2023_photopigments_v1.1, vpod_in_vivo_scp, veilleux_kirk2014_S1_evom1, heesy2004_T1_evom1, heffner1992a_T1_evom1, vegazuniga2013_octodontines |
| Alpaca Vicugna pacos | 1 receptor class: 438 nm (VS/SWS (violet)) Group default | 10.2 cycles per degree Estimated | 45° Group default 350° Group default | 0 Measured anakatabatic area, area centralis, horizontal streak Measured | diurnal Measured (not re-verified) cone-dominated Derived | 60 Hz Group default | borges2018_mammal_opsins, longcore2023_photopigments_v1.1, veilleux_kirk2014_S1_evom1, heesy2004_T1_evom1, heffner1992a_T1_evom1, species_v1:Timney & Keil 1992 |
| Amazon river dolphin science page Inia geoffrensis | 1 receptor class: 524 nm (MWS (green)) Group default | 0.7 cycles per degree Measured | 75° Group default | 0 Measured area centralis Measured | diurnal Measured (not re-verified) cone-dominated Derived | 60 Hz Group default | vpod_1.3_heterologous, kirk_kay2004_table2_evom1, heesy2004_T1_evom1, heffner1992a_T1_evom1, vegazuniga2013_octodontines, vegazuniga2017_caviomorph |
| American red squirrel Tamiasciurus hudsonicus | 2 receptor classes: 444 nm (SWS (blue)), 543 nm (LWS (long)) Estimated | 3.9 cycles per degree Estimated | 60° Estimated | 0 Estimated horizontal streak Estimated | diurnal Measured (not re-verified) cone-dominated Derived | 62.5 Hz Measured | longcore2023_photopigments_v1.1, borges2018_mammal_opsins, kirk_kay2004_table1_evom1, veilleux_kirk2014_S1_evom1, heesy2004_T1_evom1, kopania_clark2024 |
| Arabian camel science page Camelus dromedarius | 1 receptor class: 438 nm (VS/SWS (violet)) Group default | 10.4 cycles per degree Measured | 45° Group default 350° Group default | 0 Measured anakatabatic area, area centralis Measured | diurnal Measured (not re-verified) cone-dominated Derived | 60 Hz Group default | borges2018_mammal_opsins, longcore2023_photopigments_v1.1, veilleux_kirk2014_S1_evom1, heesy2004_T1_evom1, heffner1992a_T1_evom1, species_v1:Timney & Keil 1992 |
| Arctic fox science page Vulpes lagopus | 2 receptor classes: 438 nm (VS/SWS (violet)), 555 nm (LWS (long)) Measured | 14.57 cycles per degree Estimated | 97° Estimated 250° Estimated | 0 Measured area centralis, horizontal streak Measured | cathemeral Measured (not re-verified) mixed Derived | 80.75 Hz Estimated | longcore2023_photopigments_v1.1, veilleux_kirk2014_S1_evom1, heesy2004_T1_evom1, species_v1:Miller & Murphy 1995, kopania_clark2024, banks2015_pupils_tableS1_manual3 |
| Asian elephant science page Elephas maximus | 2 receptor classes: 419 nm (VS/SWS (violet)), 552 nm (LWS (long)) Measured | 8.63 cycles per degree Estimated | 80° Measured 350° Group default | 0 Estimated anakatabatic area, area centralis, horizontal streak Estimated | cathemeral Measured (not re-verified) mixed Derived | 60 Hz Group default | longcore2023_photopigments_v1.1, kirk_kay2004_table2_evom1, veilleux_kirk2014_S1_evom1, heffner1992a_T1_evom1, species_v1:Timney & Keil 1992, kopania_clark2024 |
| Asian false vampire bat science page Lyroderma lyra | 2 receptor classes: 358 nm (UVS), 553 nm (LWS (long)) Group default yes: at least one receptor peaks in the ultraviolet Group default | 1.5 cycles per degree Measured | 108° Group default | 0 Measured area centralis Measured | nocturnal Measured (not re-verified) rod-dominated Derived | 60 Hz Group default | longcore2023_photopigments_v1.1, vpod_in_vivo_scp, veilleux_kirk2014_S1_evom1, heesy2004_T1_evom1, kopania_clark2024, anderson_wiens2017_fg700 |
| Aye-aye Daubentonia madagascariensis | 2 receptor classes: 406 nm (VS/SWS (violet)), 543 nm (LWS (long)) Measured | 8.364 cycles per degree Estimated | 137° Group default 200° Group default | 1 Group default fovea Group default | nocturnal Measured (not re-verified) rod-dominated Derived | 69 Hz Group default | longcore2023_photopigments_v1.1, vpod_in_vivo_scp, baker_venditti2019, heesy2004_T1_evom1, heffner1992a_T1_evom1, species_v1:Campbell & Green 1965 |
| Azara's owl monkey science page Aotus azarae | 1 receptor class: 539 nm (MWS (green)) Measured | 8.5 cycles per degree Measured | 138° Estimated 200° Group default | 1 Estimated fovea Estimated | nocturnal Measured (not re-verified) rod-dominated Derived | 69 Hz Group default | vpod_1.3_heterologous, caves2024, heesy2004_T1_evom1, species_v1:Campbell & Green 1965, kopania_clark2024, eltontraits_mammals |
| Bactrian camel Camelus bactrianus | 1 receptor class: 438 nm (VS/SWS (violet)) Group default | 10 cycles per degree Measured | 45° Group default 350° Group default | 0 Estimated anakatabatic area, area centralis Estimated | diurnal Measured (not re-verified) cone-dominated Derived | 60 Hz Group default | borges2018_mammal_opsins, longcore2023_photopigments_v1.1, veilleux_kirk2014_S1_evom1, heesy2004_T1_evom1, heffner1992a_T1_evom1, species_v1:Timney & Keil 1992 |
| Beluga whale science page Delphinapterus leucas | 1 receptor class: 524 nm (MWS (green)) Group default | 2.6 cycles per degree Measured | 75° Group default | 0 Measured area centralis Measured | cathemeral Measured (not re-verified) mixed Derived | 60 Hz Group default | vpod_1.3_heterologous, kirk_kay2004_table2_evom1, heesy2004_T1_evom1, heffner1992a_T1_evom1, vegazuniga2013_octodontines, vegazuniga2017_caviomorph |
| Big brown bat science page Eptesicus fuscus | 2 receptor classes: 358 nm (UVS), 565 nm (LWS (long)) Estimated yes: at least one receptor peaks in the ultraviolet Estimated | 0.5 cycles per degree Measured | 108° Group default frontal Group default | 0 Measured horizontal streak Measured | nocturnal Measured (not re-verified) horizontal Group default rod-dominated Derived | 60 Hz Group default | longcore2023_photopigments_v1.1, vpod_in_vivo_scp, veilleux_kirk2014_S1_evom1, heesy2004_T1_evom1, kopania_clark2024, anderson_wiens2017_fg700 |
| Black flying fox science page Pteropus alecto | 2 receptor classes: 358 nm (UVS), 553 nm (LWS (long)) Estimated yes: at least one receptor peaks in the ultraviolet Estimated | 3.73 cycles per degree Measured | 108° Estimated | 0 Measured area centralis Measured | nocturnal Measured (not re-verified) rod-dominated Derived | 60 Hz Group default | longcore2023_photopigments_v1.1, vpod_in_vivo_scp, borges2018_mammal_opsins, heesy2004_T1_evom1, kopania_clark2024, eltontraits_mammals |
| Black rhinoceros science page Diceros bicornis | 2 receptor classes: 428 nm (VS/SWS (violet)), 539 nm (MWS (green)) Group default | 6 cycles per degree Measured | 42.5° Group default 350° Group default | 0 Measured anakatabatic area, area centralis, horizontal streak Measured | cathemeral Measured (not re-verified) mixed Derived | 60 Hz Group default | longcore2023_photopigments_v1.1, veilleux_kirk2014_S1_evom1, heesy2004_T1_evom1, heffner1992a_T1_evom1, species_v1:Timney & Keil 1992, kopania_clark2024 |
| Bolivian squirrel monkey science page Saimiri sciureus | 2 receptor classes: 434 nm (VS/SWS (violet)), 554 nm (LWS (long)) Measured | 40.5 cycles per degree Measured | 146° Measured 200° Group default | 1 Measured fovea Measured | diurnal Measured (not re-verified) cone-dominated Derived | 69 Hz Group default | longcore2023_photopigments_v1.1, veilleux_kirk2014_S1_evom1, heesy2004_T1_evom1, species_v1:Campbell & Green 1965, kopania_clark2024, borges2018_mammal_opsins |
| Botta's pocket gopher Thomomys bottae | 2 receptor classes: 367 nm (UVS), 505 nm (MWS (green)) Measured yes: at least one receptor peaks in the ultraviolet Measured | 1.7 cycles per degree Estimated | 4° Estimated | 0 Group default horizontal streak Group default | cathemeral Measured (not re-verified) mixed Derived | 62.5 Hz Group default | longcore2023_photopigments_v1.1, desousa2022_acuity_evom1, heffner1992a_T1_evom1, kopania_clark2024, anderson_wiens2017_fg700, eltontraits_mammals |
| Bottlenose dolphin science page Tursiops truncatus | 1 receptor class: 524 nm (MWS (green)) Measured | 3.4 cycles per degree Measured (not re-verified) | 75° Group default frontal Group default | 0 Measured area centralis, horizontal streak Measured | cathemeral Measured (not re-verified) vertical Group default yes Measured (not re-verified) mixed Derived | 60 Hz Group default | vpod_1.3_heterologous, caves2024, kirk_kay2004_table1_evom1, heesy2004_T1_evom1, heffner1992a_T1_evom1, vegazuniga2013_octodontines |
| Brown long-eared bat Plecotus auritus | 2 receptor classes: 358 nm (UVS), 565 nm (LWS (long)) Estimated yes: at least one receptor peaks in the ultraviolet Estimated | 1 cycles per degree Measured | 108° Group default | 0 Estimated horizontal streak Estimated | nocturnal Measured (not re-verified) rod-dominated Derived | 60 Hz Group default | longcore2023_photopigments_v1.1, vpod_in_vivo_scp, veilleux_kirk2014_S1_evom1, heesy2004_T1_evom1, kopania_clark2024, eltontraits_mammals |
| Brown rat science page Rattus norvegicus | 2 receptor classes: 358 nm (UVS), 509 nm (MWS (green)) Measured yes: at least one receptor peaks in the ultraviolet Measured | 1.5 cycles per degree Measured | 55.5° Measured lateral Derived | 0 Measured horizontal streak Measured | nocturnal Measured (not re-verified) circular Group default no Measured rod-dominated Derived | 51 Hz Measured | vpod_1.3_heterologous, kirk_kay2004_table1_evom1, veilleux_kirk2014_S1_evom1, heffner1992a_T1_evom1, kopania_clark2024, borges2018_mammal_opsins |
| Bushbaby science page Otolemur crassicaudatus | 1 receptor class: 543 nm (LWS (long)) Measured | 5.1 cycles per degree Measured | 136° Measured 200° Group default | 1 Estimated fovea Estimated | nocturnal Measured (not re-verified) rod-dominated Derived | 69 Hz Group default | longcore2023_photopigments_v1.1, vpod_in_vivo_scp, kirk_kay2004_table1_evom1, veilleux_kirk2014_S1_evom1, heesy2004_T1_evom1, species_v1:Campbell & Green 1965 |
| California sea lion science page Zalophus californianus | 1 receptor class: 501.3 nm (MWS (green)) Measured (not re-verified) | 5.625 cycles per degree Measured | 88.5° Group default 250° Group default | 0 Group default area centralis, horizontal streak Group default | cathemeral Measured (not re-verified) mixed Derived | 76.25 Hz Group default | murphy_westerman2022_tableS1, desousa2022_acuity_evom1, kirk_kay2004_table1_evom1, heesy2004_T1_evom1, heffner1992a_T1_evom1, species_v1:Miller & Murphy 1995 |
| Capybara science page Hydrochoerus hydrochaeris | 2 receptor classes: 400 nm (VS/SWS (violet)), 530 nm (MWS (green)) Estimated | 5.8 cycles per degree Measured | 52° Group default | 0 Measured horizontal streak Measured | cathemeral Measured (not re-verified) mixed Derived | 47.5 Hz Estimated | longcore2023_photopigments_v1.1, vpod_in_vivo_scp, veilleux_kirk2014_S1_evom1, heesy2004_T1_evom1, heffner1992a_T1_evom1, vegazuniga2013_octodontines |
| Cat science page Felis catus | 2 receptor classes: 450 nm (SWS (blue)), 555 nm (LWS (long)) Measured | 8.8 cycles per degree Measured | 112.5° Measured 250° Group default 110° Group default frontal Derived | 0 Measured area centralis, horizontal streak Measured | cathemeral Measured (not re-verified) vertical Measured yes Measured mixed Derived | 75 Hz Measured (not re-verified) | longcore2023_photopigments_v1.1, caves2024, kirk_kay2004_table1_evom1, veilleux_kirk2014_S1_evom1, heesy2004_T1_evom1, heffner1992a_T1_evom1 |
| Central American agouti Dasyprocta punctata | 2 receptor classes: 400 nm (VS/SWS (violet)), 530 nm (MWS (green)) Group default | 6.21 cycles per degree Estimated | 52° Group default | 0 Measured horizontal streak Measured | diurnal Measured (not re-verified) cone-dominated Derived | 62.5 Hz Group default | longcore2023_photopigments_v1.1, vpod_in_vivo_scp, veilleux_kirk2014_S1_evom1, heesy2004_T1_evom1, heffner1992a_T1_evom1, vegazuniga2013_octodontines |
| Cheetah science page Acinonyx jubatus | 2 receptor classes: 450 nm (SWS (blue)), 555 nm (LWS (long)) Estimated | 23.02 cycles per degree Measured | 112.5° Estimated 250° Group default | 0 Measured area centralis, horizontal streak Measured | diurnal Measured (not re-verified) cone-dominated Derived | 75 Hz Estimated | longcore2023_photopigments_v1.1, veilleux_kirk2014_S1_evom1, heesy2004_T1_evom1, heffner1992a_T1_evom1, species_v1:Miller & Murphy 1995, kopania_clark2024 |
| Chimpanzee science page Pan troglodytes | 3 receptor classes: 430 nm (VS/SWS (violet)), 530 nm (MWS (green)), 560 nm (LWS (long)) Measured (not re-verified) | 64.28 cycles per degree Measured | 122.5° Estimated 200° Estimated | 1 Measured fovea Measured | diurnal Measured (not re-verified) cone-dominated Derived | 60 Hz Estimated | species_v1:Jacobs, Deegan & Moran 1996, veilleux_kirk2014_S1_evom1, heesy2004_T1_evom1, heffner1992a_T1_evom1, species_v1:Campbell & Green 1965, kopania_clark2024 |
| Common brown lemur Eulemur fulvus | 2 receptor classes: 437 nm (VS/SWS (violet)), 545 nm (LWS (long)) Measured | 5.14 cycles per degree Estimated | 137° Group default 200° Group default | 0 Estimated area centralis Estimated | cathemeral Measured (not re-verified) mixed Derived | 69 Hz Group default | longcore2023_photopigments_v1.1, veilleux_kirk2014_S1_evom1, heesy2004_T1_evom1, heffner1992a_T1_evom1, species_v1:Campbell & Green 1965, kopania_clark2024 |
| Common brushtail possum science page Trichosurus vulpecula | 3 receptor classes: 424 nm (VS/SWS (violet)), 502 nm (MWS (green)), 538 nm (MWS (green)) Group default | 4.8 cycles per degree Measured | 125° Measured | 0 Group default area centralis Group default | nocturnal Measured (not re-verified) rod-dominated Derived | 22.4 Hz Measured | longcore2023_photopigments_v1.1, vpod_in_vivo_scp, veilleux_kirk2014_S1_evom1, heesy2004_T1_evom1, kopania_clark2024, anderson_wiens2017_fg700 |
Delphinus delphis
area centralis, horizontal streak Estimated
mixed Derived
Callithrix jacchus
200° Group default
fovea Measured
cone-dominated Derived
Taphozous georgianus
yes: at least one receptor peaks in the ultraviolet Group default
area centralis, horizontal streak Group default
rod-dominated Derived
Tupaia glis
area centralis, horizontal streak Measured
cone-dominated Derived
Mirza coquereli
200° Group default
area centralis Estimated
rod-dominated Derived
Propithecus coquereli
200° Group default
area centralis Measured
cone-dominated Derived
Bos taurus
350° Group default
10° Group default
lateral Derived
anakatabatic area, area centralis, horizontal streak Measured
horizontal Estimated
yes Measured
cone-dominated Derived
Macaca fascicularis
200° Group default
fovea Measured
cone-dominated Derived
Spalacopus cyanus
yes: at least one receptor peaks in the ultraviolet Measured
area centralis, horizontal streak Estimated
mixed Derived
Phocoenoides dalli
area centralis Estimated
mixed Derived
Cryptomys anselli
none Measured
mixed Derived
Myotis daubentonii
yes: at least one receptor peaks in the ultraviolet Estimated
horizontal streak Estimated
rod-dominated Derived
Otospermophilus beecheyi
horizontal streak Measured
cone-dominated Derived
Octodon degus
yes: at least one receptor peaks in the ultraviolet Measured
area centralis, horizontal streak Measured
cone-dominated Derived
Canis familiaris
250° Measured (not re-verified)
110° Derived
frontal Derived
area centralis, horizontal streak Measured
circular Estimated
yes Measured
mixed Derived
Ornithorhynchus anatinus
area centralis Group default
mixed Derived
Glis glis
area centralis Measured
rod-dominated Derived
Rousettus aegyptiacus
yes: at least one receptor peaks in the ultraviolet Estimated
area centralis, horizontal streak Measured
rod-dominated Derived
Mustela erminea
250° Group default
area centralis, horizontal streak Estimated
rod-dominated Derived
Sciurus vulgaris
horizontal streak Estimated
cone-dominated Derived
Erinaceus europaeus
yes: at least one receptor peaks in the ultraviolet Group default
area centralis Group default
rod-dominated Derived
Pseudorca crassidens
area centralis, horizontal streak Estimated
mixed Derived
Sminthopsis crassicaudata
yes: at least one receptor peaks in the ultraviolet Measured (not re-verified)
area centralis Group default
rod-dominated Derived
Cheirogaleus medius
200° Group default
area centralis Measured
rod-dominated Derived
Mustela putorius
250° Group default
area centralis, horizontal streak Measured
rod-dominated Derived
Pteropus vampyrus
yes: at least one receptor peaks in the ultraviolet Estimated
area centralis Estimated
rod-dominated Derived
Artibeus cinereus
yes: at least one receptor peaks in the ultraviolet Estimated
area centralis, horizontal streak Estimated
rod-dominated Derived
Macroderma gigas
yes: at least one receptor peaks in the ultraviolet Group default
area centralis Estimated
rod-dominated Derived
Giraffa camelopardalis
350° Group default
anakatabatic area, area centralis, horizontal streak Measured
mixed Derived
Capra hircus
350° Group default
anakatabatic area, area centralis, horizontal streak Measured
cone-dominated Derived
Gorilla gorilla
200° Estimated
fovea Measured
cone-dominated Derived
Nyctophilus gouldi
yes: at least one receptor peaks in the ultraviolet Estimated
horizontal streak Estimated
rod-dominated Derived
Microcebus murinus
200° Group default
area centralis Measured
rod-dominated Derived
Pteropus poliocephalus
yes: at least one receptor peaks in the ultraviolet Estimated
area centralis Estimated
rod-dominated Derived
Phyllostomus hastatus
yes: at least one receptor peaks in the ultraviolet Estimated
area centralis, horizontal streak Estimated
rod-dominated Derived
Chlorocebus sabaeus
200° Group default
fovea Measured
cone-dominated Derived
Sciurus carolinensis
horizontal streak Estimated
cone-dominated Derived
Eschrichtius robustus
area centralis Measured
mixed Derived
Canis lupus
250° Estimated
area centralis, horizontal streak Measured
rod-dominated Derived
Callospermophilus lateralis
horizontal streak Estimated
cone-dominated Derived
Cavia porcellus
horizontal streak Measured
mixed Derived
Phocoena phocoena
area centralis Measured
mixed Derived
Phoca vitulina
250° Group default
area centralis Estimated
mixed Derived
Pagophilus groenlandicus
250° Group default
area centralis Estimated
cone-dominated Derived
Hippopotamus amphibius
350° Group default
area centralis, horizontal streak Measured
rod-dominated Derived
Tarsipes rostratus
yes: at least one receptor peaks in the ultraviolet Measured
area centralis Group default
rod-dominated Derived
Equus caballus
350° Measured (not re-verified)
10° Derived
lateral Derived
area centralis, horizontal streak Measured
horizontal Estimated
yes Measured
mixed Derived
Mus musculus
yes: at least one receptor peaks in the ultraviolet Measured
lateral Derived
area centralis Measured
circular Group default
no Measured
rod-dominated Derived
Homo sapiens
200° Measured (not re-verified)
160° Derived
frontal Derived
fovea Measured
vertical Group default
no Measured
cone-dominated Derived
Indri indri
200° Group default
area centralis Measured
cone-dominated Derived
Urocyon littoralis
250° Estimated
area centralis, horizontal streak Estimated
mixed Derived
Artibeus jamaicensis
yes: at least one receptor peaks in the ultraviolet Estimated
area centralis, horizontal streak Measured
rod-dominated Derived
Orcinus orca
area centralis, horizontal streak Measured
mixed Derived
Potos flavus
250° Group default
area centralis, horizontal streak Group default
rod-dominated Derived
Choloepus didactylus
anakatabatic area, area centralis Measured
rod-dominated Derived
Myotis lucifugus
yes: at least one receptor peaks in the ultraviolet Estimated
horizontal streak Estimated
rod-dominated Derived
Chinchilla lanigera
yes: at least one receptor peaks in the ultraviolet Group default
horizontal streak Measured
rod-dominated Derived
Cuniculus paca
horizontal streak Measured
rod-dominated Derived
Lynx lynx
250° Group default
area centralis, horizontal streak Estimated
mixed Derived
Alouatta palliata
200° Group default
fovea Estimated
cone-dominated Derived
Dasyurus hallucatus
yes: at least one receptor peaks in the ultraviolet Estimated
area centralis Group default
rod-dominated Derived
Suricata suricatta
250° Group default
area centralis, horizontal streak Group default
cone-dominated Derived
Alouatta caraya
200° Group default
fovea Measured
cone-dominated Derived
Balaenoptera acutorostrata
area centralis, horizontal streak Measured
cone-dominated Derived
Meriones unguiculatus
yes: at least one receptor peaks in the ultraviolet Measured
lateral Derived
horizontal streak Measured
circular Group default
no Estimated
mixed Derived
Heterocephalus glaber
yes: at least one receptor peaks in the ultraviolet Group default
none Measured
mixed Derived
Aotus trivirgatus
200° Group default
fovea Measured
rod-dominated Derived
Mirounga angustirostris
250° Group default
area centralis Measured
mixed Derived
Callorhinus ursinus
250° Group default
area centralis, horizontal streak Group default
mixed Derived
Ellobius talpinus
yes: at least one receptor peaks in the ultraviolet Estimated
none Measured
rod-dominated Derived
Dasyurus maculatus
yes: at least one receptor peaks in the ultraviolet Estimated
area centralis Group default
rod-dominated Derived
Tupaia belangeri
250° Group default
area centralis, horizontal streak Estimated
cone-dominated Derived
Myrmecobius fasciatus
yes: at least one receptor peaks in the ultraviolet Group default
area centralis Group default
cone-dominated Derived
Papio anubis
200° Group default
fovea Measured
cone-dominated Derived
Amblonyx cinereus
250° Group default
area centralis, horizontal streak Estimated
rod-dominated Derived
Odobenus rosmarus
yes: at least one receptor peaks in the ultraviolet Group default
250° Group default
area centralis Measured
mixed Derived
Lagenorhynchus obliquidens
area centralis, horizontal streak Estimated
mixed Derived
Erythrocebus patas
200° Group default
fovea Estimated
cone-dominated Derived
Carlito syrichta
200° Group default
central fovea Measured (not re-verified)
rod-dominated Derived
Sus scrofa
350° Group default
area centralis, horizontal streak Measured
rod-dominated Derived
Oryctolagus cuniculus
horizontal streak Measured
mixed Derived
Procyon lotor
250° Group default
area centralis, horizontal streak Group default
rod-dominated Derived
Rattus rattus
yes: at least one receptor peaks in the ultraviolet Measured
horizontal streak Estimated
rod-dominated Derived
Vulpes vulpes
250° Estimated
area centralis, horizontal streak Estimated
rod-dominated Derived
Rangifer tarandus
350° Group default
anakatabatic area, area centralis, horizontal streak Group default
mixed Derived
Macaca mulatta
200° Group default
160° Group default
frontal Derived
fovea Measured
vertical Group default
cone-dominated Derived
Lemur catta
200° Group default
area centralis Measured
cone-dominated Derived
Onychomys leucogaster
yes: at least one receptor peaks in the ultraviolet Estimated
horizontal streak Measured
rod-dominated Derived
Enhydra lutris
250° Group default
area centralis, horizontal streak Measured
cone-dominated Derived
Carollia perspicillata
yes: at least one receptor peaks in the ultraviolet Measured
horizontal streak Measured
rod-dominated Derived
Ovis aries
350° Group default
anakatabatic area, area centralis, horizontal streak Measured
mixed Derived
Tachyglossus aculeatus
area centralis Group default
rod-dominated Derived
Galago senegalensis
200° Group default
fovea Measured
rod-dominated Derived
Nasua nasua
250° Group default
area centralis, horizontal streak Group default
cone-dominated Derived
Macaca nemestrina
200° Group default
fovea Measured
cone-dominated Derived
Ceratotherium simum
yes: at least one receptor peaks in the ultraviolet Group default
350° Group default
anakatabatic area, area centralis, horizontal streak Measured
mixed Derived
Crocuta crocuta
250° Group default
area centralis, horizontal streak Measured
rod-dominated Derived
Eumetopias jubatus
250° Group default
area centralis, horizontal streak Group default
rod-dominated Derived
Eidolon helvum
yes: at least one receptor peaks in the ultraviolet Estimated
area centralis, horizontal streak Measured
rod-dominated Derived
Mesocricetus auratus
yes: at least one receptor peaks in the ultraviolet Measured
area centralis Measured
rod-dominated Derived
Macropus eugenii
area centralis Group default
rod-dominated Derived
Cephalopachus bancanus
200° Group default
fovea Group default
rod-dominated Derived
Ictidomys tridecemlineatus
horizontal streak Measured
cone-dominated Derived
Ellobius lutescens
yes: at least one receptor peaks in the ultraviolet Estimated
none Measured
rod-dominated Derived
Sotalia fluviatilis
area centralis, horizontal streak Estimated
cone-dominated Derived
Chlorocebus aethiops
200° Group default
fovea Estimated
cone-dominated Derived
Bubalus bubalis
350° Group default
horizontal streak Measured
mixed Derived
Leptonychotes weddellii
250° Group default
area centralis Measured
mixed Derived
Trichechus manatus
none Measured
mixed Derived
Sciurus griseus
horizontal streak Estimated
cone-dominated Derived
Pithecia pithecia
200° Group default
fovea Group default
cone-dominated Derived
Cebus capucinus
200° Group default
fovea Estimated
cone-dominated Derived
Sapajus apella
200° Group default
fovea Measured
cone-dominated Derived
Odocoileus virginianus
350° Group default
anakatabatic area, area centralis, horizontal streak Group default
mixed Derived
Neophocaena asiaeorientalis
area centralis Measured
mixed Estimated
Lipotes vexillifer
area centralis Measured
cone-dominated Derived
Tamias amoenus
horizontal streak Estimated
cone-dominated Derived
Method: how we know what animals see. Accuracy: the census.